naive scientist vs cognitive miser

186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /Group << /Subtype /TrueType /StructParents 5 That's it. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R What are its real world consequences? -Deindividuation: loosening of behavioral restraints, stripped of their usual behavior /Group << 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /Font << /F2 22 0 R What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? /ExtGState << q*15Q[7t. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. << Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] /F2 22 0 R >> -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. /ExtGState << /Tabs /S The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /Type /Group 238 0 R 239 0 R] Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). 18 0 obj /Marked true providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to /Tabs /S /ParentTreeNextKey 13 naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity /Contents 45 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What is in-group bias? >> -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. We have created a browser extension. -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R /Type /Page /Resources << endobj Introducing Cram Folders! 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /Filter /FlateDecode How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. 5,000 & 8,000 \\ /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] traits associated with the stereotype. /Group << Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. /K [20 0 R] /CS /DeviceRGB >> /GS8 28 0 R >> -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people What is "lowballing?" [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. >> [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. What is cognitive dissonance? /LastChar 116 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] stream /GS8 28 0 R 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. endobj The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? endobj For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. >> 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R /Annotation /Sect Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people /F1 21 0 R -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue /CA 1 /Contents 43 0 R 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.029. >> 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] . /Contents 37 0 R The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /CS /DeviceRGB 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. [15][pageneeded]. 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 << /Footnote /Note Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. 7 0 obj >> /ExtGState << A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. >> > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. 6 0 obj Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) /S /Transparency "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /Type /Group [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. What are its three components of prejudice? -Conformity: 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 /F3 23 0 R [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. What is diffusion of responsibility? -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. 3,000 & 10,000 \\ 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ 9 0 obj /Type /Page Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature