[61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Books. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). . In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. He brought Pompeii under siege. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. Updated on October 07, 2019. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. Click the title for location and availability information. [127] In the north at the same time, Norbanus was defeated and fled for Rhodes, where he eventually committed suicide. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. After massacring a number of Italian traders who supported one of his rivals, indignation erupted as to Jugurtha's use of bribery to secure a favourable peace treaty; called to Rome to testify on bribery charges, he successfully plotted the assassination of one another royal claimant before returning home. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". If you have questions, please consult your instructor or librarian. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. [16] His father may have served as praetor, but details are unclear; his father married twice and Sulla' stepmother was of considerable wealth, which certainly helped the young Sulla's ambitions. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. Primary Source 10. Primary Source Terms:. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Sulla then duly besieged the city. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. This "firsthand" understanding of human motivations and the ordinary Roman citizen may explain why he was able to succeed as a general despite lacking any significant military experience before his 30s.[25]. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. Throughout the research process, you'll likely use various types of sources. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. They had, however, fallen on hard times. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. Gill. Tools for primary source analysis. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. Tweet. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Making of America. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. [124] The purge did little to strengthen resolve and when Sulla arrived at Rome, the city opened its gates and his opponents fled. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. By. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. The Acropolis was then besieged. N.S. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . Learning in Black and White. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. They are often based on primary sources. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. Church and W. J. Brodribb. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate.
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